Babyn Yar Synagogue, Holocaust Memorial Center

Babyn Yar is a place in Kyiv where about 70,000 Jews were shot during the Second World War. This is one of the deepest wounds, one of the most painful memories of the Holocaust, of an unprecedented attempt to exterminate an entire people physically. In 2021, a unique new synagogue and place of prayer opened here as part of the first modern Holocaust museum in Eastern Europe.

The project is exciting and emotional. The construction is an allusion to the book, the siddur, and the Bible, which are read together by the parishioners of the synagogue during the service. Reading a book together opens up a world of wisdom, morality, and history. The synagogue has two forms: a folded book and an open book. Changes its appearance with the help of mechanisms set in motion by exceptional people. We reinforced this concept of transformation with our light part, creating two lighting scenarios: for the closed and open structure of the synagogue.

We shaped the atmosphere with light very nuancedly, considering this place's sublime and dramatic specificity. The structure is made of barn oak 200-300 years old, collected from different parts of Ukraine. Inside, the wall is painted with patterns and texts of prayers that were used to decorate ancient synagogues in Western Ukraine and were destroyed during the Second World War.

Inside, like in a folding pop-up book, miracles are revealed. Everything is saturated with deep symbolism. The ceiling is painted with flowers reflecting the starry sky of 1941 - the first day when the first mass executions began at Babi Yar. It was the ceiling of a bright deep range that we emphasized with light, excluding the lighting of the walls. On the walls, serving as dark background, individual architectural accents were “drawn” with adjusted light, and windows were drawn with light. Very delicate work, as if drawing with light an illustration for a book. Taking into account the dynamism of the folding structure, we placed the lamps on the floor in such a way that the synagogue could move and be illuminated at the same time. The light is uneven and accent, adding a subtle dramatic atmosphere.

Babyn Yar is a wooded area with a deep ravine located in the west of Kyiv, Ukraine, that used to mark the edge of the city. It is the site of one of the worst massacres of the 20^th century, when on September 29th and 30th, 1941 approximately 35’000 Jews were shot and killed by German SS officers, their Einsatzgruppen, other soldiers of the Wehrmacht, and supported by local Ukrainian troops. Over the following weeks and months several ten thousand additional Jews, Soviet prisoners of war, communists, Ukrainian nationalists, Roma and patients of a nearby psychiatric hospital were murdered within the grounds of Babyn Yar. A ‘holocaust by bullets’, it represents one of the worst atrocities of our modern era.

The territory of Babyn Yar is marked by gorges and a strong topography. It was precisely this topography that the SS officers utilized, by killing these tens of thousands of people without having to excavate mass graves. Through the mass killing, a new topography was created.

A physical topography of death and murder. The very soil of Babyn Yar can therefore be considered as sacred.

Over the following years, and during the Soviet era, the topography of Babyn Yar was repeatedly altered. Parts of the ravine still exist, but other parts have been flattened. Todaythe area is used as a city park. Only a few memorials within Babyn Yar speak of the unimaginable horror that took place on this ground.

The Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Foundation has started a process of implementing a series of smaller and larger interventions over the coming years to commemorate the history of the site in all its complexity. The Babyn Yar Synagogue represents the first building within this initiative. It is meant as a synagogue that will commemorate the history, but also reestablish a living Jewish presence on the site today.

The Design
If we conceptualize the synagogue as a building typology in its purest essence, we can consider it as a book. During the religious service, a congregation comes together, to collectively read a book - the Siddur (the book of prayers) or the Bible. The shared reading of the book opens a world of wisdom, morals, history and anecdotes to the congregation. It is this notion that informs the design of the new Babyn Yar Synagogue.

We combine this idea with a different type of book, something that is quite playful: the pop-up book. Pop-up books can be magic books, that unfold into three dimensions. From a flat object of a book, when we open them, new worlds unfold, that we could not imagine before. In a sense, the pop-up book can act as a metaphor for the Synagogue. Furthermore, the pop-up book triggers fascination: no-one can resist the temptation of opening up these books of wonders, and explore them. This quality of a “cabinet of wonder” and a new universe that unfolds, is what I wanted to create in the location of Babyn Yar.

The site is located within the trees, just behind an existing small monument, a Menorah that dates back to the early 1990s. The building sits on a wooden platform that hovers slightly above the ground. Great care was taken to prevent a deep foundation, so as not to disturb the existing soil. The building itself is a wooden construction with an inner steel framework. When closed, the building is a flat, vertical volume of approximately 8 Meters in width, 11 Meters in height and with a thickness of just over two Meters. The building is manually opened, and then unfolds into the three-dimensional space of the synagogue. The opening process is a collective ritual, performed by the congregation, as a manual and physical task. The unfolding space, with the Bimah (reading platform for the Torah) in the center, with its benches and balcony, is this new universe that has opened by reading the book together.

The wood is sourced from old oak wood, coming from all parts of Ukraine. This ensures that the building has a unifying quality, down to the very material used in its construction. The wood is more than a hundred years old. It will therefore connect the time of before the massacre, to the contemporary era. Wood is also an unusual material to use for commemorative buildings. It gives the synagogue a certain fragility and obliges us to care for it, and be tender to it. This continual care and tenderness is exactly what rememberance is about.

The walls are decorated with prayers and blessings, celebrating a reawakening.  The main prayers of the Jewish liturgy, such as the Shma’ Israel, or the Kaddish are written on the walls. But maybe more surprisingly, other blessings such as the blessing for turning a nightmare into a good dream, are displayed on the main wall, above the “Aron ha-Kodesh” , the place where the bible scrolls are kept. This blessing was written on the walls of the historic Synagogue of Gwozdziec of Western Ukraine dating back to the 17^th century, and it is a perfect theme for the new Synagogue.

The ceiling is painted with a myriad of symbols and iconography also referencing the interior of the historic synagogues of Ukraine from the 17th and 18th century that have since been destroyed. It celebrates a colorful universe that will become visible above the heads of the visitors of the Synagogue. But these symbols have an additional meaning: Together, they recreate the star constellation that was visible over Kyiv on the night of September 29^th, 1941. For the visitors, looking up into the ceiling of the new synagogue will create a link to the night that the massacre started. Together with the painted walls, the synagogue commemorates the killings of Babyn Yar that took place 80 years ago, but also is a building that wants to turn a nightmare into a good dream.

Team:
Architect: Manuel Herz Architects
Photography: Iwan Baan